The concept “Republic” is analyzed in French and Russian linguoculture for the first time. The article deals with comparison of Russian and French concepts “Republic” in terms of their content, structure and importance in respective linguoculture. The author pays much attention to the concept’s representation in both languages. The research applies concepts’ comparative method. The study is based on materials of explanatory, associative and linguistic-cultural dictionaries as well as of French thesaurus, data of the National Corpus of Russian language and of a psycholinguistic experiment. The analysis shows that the concept has different structures, way of representation and connotation in these languages. Its degree of national culture’s reflection also differs. The author explains the discovered differences of concepts by peculiarities of political and historical development of France and Russia.