Those of the 16–17th c. grammars that are supposed to teach language for communication purposes pay attention to discourse phenomena and, in a way, anticipate some of the crucial ideas that appeared in the 20–21th c. functional grammars. They focus on syntax, semantics, pragmatics, going beyond the level of separate sentence onto the principles of building dialogue. Anchieta, Figueira, Estêvão and Pereira write on coherence, expressivity of speech, discourse markers, phatic and allocutive elements.